Sounds like you've started it on 12 volts and probably have some minutes on the engine now. It should be loose enough by now to start with a GOOD 6 volt battery. As mentioned, it sounds like your engine may have been built a little on the tight side, or the battery could just be a little on the weak side. I like to let a rebuilt engine run a few minutes at idle or fast idle, then let it cool to room temp, then run it a few minutes again and let it cool to room temp. Do this several times until you feel the engine has loosened up enough to hand crank without breaking your back.
As far as jumping with 12 volts, yes, you can do damage, but by using light gauge cables and only connecting when the starter is engaged will lessen the possibility of damage. I threw a starter winding in my 1952 Studebaker when I jumped a weak 6 volt battery with a 12 volt battery. You can also buckle the battery plates. And don't make the last connection at a battery post, or you could blow up the battery.