You can count the teeth on the ring gear through the fill plug. Mark one of the teeth and count the teeth through one full revolution of the gear. IF the gears have never been changed, the ratio numbers should be stamped on the housing, tooth count is stamped on the lower front part of center section .
I have never used this method, so no idea how well it works! But might give it a try:
(from Ford Flathead V8
http://www.btc-bci.com/~billben/reargear.htm)
JimC: 5/31/2000 - 8:16:04 AM
RE: ratio
Jacking one wheel up and turning the engine over by hand will let you determine the ratio. Make a chalk mark on the bottom of the tire and crank the engine over exactly 2 revolutions. Also, make sure all the slack is out of the system when turning the engine over. Then measure the rotation on the tire. It will be plus or minus one turn, but accuracy with these measurements is critical. Take this tire rotation value, divide it into 1 (in other words, find its reciprocal), then multiply it by 4. This will give you a pretty good ball park of the ratio, which can be compared with known ratios (4.11, 3.78, 3.54) to see which one comes closest. For example, I recently went through this with my car and found the tire rotated slightly less than one turn for 2 engine turns, so I used a tire rotation value of 0.95. Dividing this value into 1.0 gives you 1.05, and multiplying 1.05 by 4 gives you 4.20. So I figured the rear end ratio was 4.11. I then used this method on a friend's car before he pulled the rear end out. I got about 1.05 tire rotations for 2 engine rotations, which figures out to a rear end ratio of 3.8. When the gears came out, sure enough, they were 3.78.
1) Jack up one rear wheel and chalk-mark the 12 o'clock position on the tire. (Make sure the slack is out of the drive train)
2) Hand crank engine 2 complete turns.
3) See where chalk mark on tire ends up.
A) Between 11 and 12 o'clock, ratio is 4.11
B) Between 12 and 1 o'clock, ratio is 3.78
C) Between 1 and 2 o'clock, ratio is 3.54
Edit: corrected typo in original document, 4.54 to 3.54 per Marts catch.