Rotorwrench, I cant imagine them turning the valve down from a piece of bar stock the diameter of the valve head. I have a buddy in New Jersey who was at one time the major manufacturer of titanium valves for nascar and the top fuel drag cars. I watched them turn down valves from a forging or casting that was pretty close to a valve in configuation. I asked him how many of the blanks get ruined? He said none! Most start out as hemi valves if there is a problem it gets turned down to a BB chevy valve, then SB chevy, etc. It doesnt turn into garbage until they have ruined a briggs & stratton junior dragster valve. Starting with a blank like this doesnt seem like rocket science. I'll bet Henry did that in the good old days. By the way the reason my friend was selling so many of these was that his were one piece titanium, while the other guy making these in california Dell West was welding them together like mentioned in the thread. Rich